Maternity Questions

These are the notes that I took in my class.

1. what are the discharges after the delivery:Lochia initial discharge: lochia rubra ( Ist hour)Lochia rubra is the vaginal discharge of almost pure blood that occurs during the first few days after childbirth.Lochia serosa is the serous vaginal discharge that occurs 4 to 7 days after childbirth.Lochia alba is the vaginal discharge of decreased blood and increased leukocytes that’s the final stage of lochia. It occurs 7 to 10 days after childbirth.
2. what is the significance of colustrum, and what measures needed to regarding feeding the baby?First milk: colostrum that contains white, yellowish antibodies.Stress, dehydration, and fatigue may reduce a breast-feeding mother’s milk supply.Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been cultured in breast milk and can be transmitted by an HIV-positive mother who breast-feeds her infant.to suppress milk: wear firm bra and ice packs to breast area.Extra calories for breast feeding mother is : extra 500 caloriesBefore first feeding: check suck and swallow reflex.
3. where do you check cynosis in the baby?Cynosis in the baby: check feet and hand.Acrocyanosis (blueness and coolness of the arms and legs) is normal in neonates because of their immature peripheral circulatory system.
4. What is GTPAL:Obstetric data can be described by using the F/TPAL system:F/T: Full-term delivery at 38 weeks or longer P: Preterm delivery between 20 and 37 weeksA: Abortion or loss of fetus before 20 weeks L: Number of children living (if a child has died, further explanation is needed to clarify the discrepancy in numbers).
5. what is APGAR score:APGAR SCORE: ( 8-10) It is done first 1 min and then every 5 minutes.
6. what Test should be done on newborn baby?: PICU, HYPERTHYROIDISM AND SUD
7. what problems does Down syndrome baby has: low set of ears
8. What is the Purpose of vitamin K? : prevent synthesis of prothrombin Vitamin K is administered to neonates to prevent hemorrhagic disorders because a neonate’s intestine can’t synthesize vitamin K.
9. Explain Yellow discoloration= jaundice? : jaundice in first 24 hours is abnormal and from 24-48 hours is normal.If jaundice is suspected in a neonate, the nurse should examine the infant under natural window light. If natural light is unavailable, the nurse should examine the infant under a white light.f a child has jaundice then phototherphy: water soluble
10. what are the stages of labor?The first stage of labor begins with the onset of labor and ends with full cervical dilation at 10 cm.The second stage of labor begins with full cervical dilation and ends with the neonate’s birth.The third stage of labor begins after the neonate’s birth and ends with expulsion of the placenta.In a full-term neonate, skin creases appear over two-thirds of the neonate’s feet. Preterm neonates have heel creases that cover less than two-thirds of the feet.The fourth stage of labor (postpartum stabilization) lasts up to 4 hours after the placenta is delivered. This time is needed to stabilize the mother’s physical and emotional state after the stress of childbirth.
11. what happens during Pregnancy-induced hypertension? (preeclampsia) is an increase in blood pressure of 30/15 mm Hg over baseline or blood pressure of 140/95 mm Hg on two occasions at least 6 hours apart accompanied by edema and albuminuria after 20 weeks’ gestation.Eclampsia is the occurrence of seizures that aren’t caused by a cerebral disorder in a patient who has pregnancy-induced hypertension.
12. In placenta previa, bleeding is painless and seldom fatal on the first occasion, but it becomes heavier with each subsequent episode.
13. How to take care of umbilical cord?During delivery, if the umbilical cord can’t be loosened and slipped from around the neonate’s neck, it should be clamped with two clamps and cut between the clamps.After circumcision: sterile petroleum jelly is applied.The umbilical cord normally has two arteries and one vein.
14. Discuss signs of pregnancy?Positive signs of pregnancy include ultrasound evidence, fetal heart tones, and fetal movement felt by the examiner (not usually present until 4 months’ gestationGoodell’s sign is softening of the cervix.Quickening, a presumptive sign of pregnancy, occurs between 16 and 19 weeks’ gestation. Ovulation ceases during pregnancy.Chloasma, the mask of pregnancy, is pigmentation of a circumscribed area of skin (usually over the bridge of the nose and cheeks) that occurs in some pregnant women.Linea nigra, a dark line that extends from the umbilicus to the mons pubis, commonly appears during pregnancy and disappears after pregnancy.
15. DefineFetal station : it indicates the location of the presenting part in relation to the ischial spine. It’s described as –1, –2, –3, –4, or –5 to indicate the number of centimeters above the level of the ischial spine; station –5 is at the pelvic inlet.Fetal station also is described as +1, +2, +3, +4, or +5 to indicate the number of centimeters it is below the level of the ischial spine; station 0 is at the level of the ischial spine.
16. Molding is the process by which the fetal head changes shape to facilitate movement through the birth canal.
17. Nutrition:A pregnant patient should take folic acid because this nutrient is required for rapid cell division.Pica is a craving to eat nonfood items, such as dirt, crayons, chalk, glue, starch, or hair. It may occur during pregnancy and can endanger the fetus.High-sodium foods can cause fluid retention, especially in pregnant patients.A pregnant patient can avoid constipation and hemorrhoids by adding fiber to her diet.
18. Medications:Prostaglandin gel may be applied to the vagina or cervix to ripen an unfavorable cervix before labor induction with oxytocin (Pitocin).Antidote for magnesium sulfate is :calcium gluconate.Oxytocin (Pitocin) promotes lactation and uterine contractions.Tocolytic therapy is indicated in premature labor, but contraindicated in fetal death, fetal distress, or severe hemorrhage.To prevent her from developing Rh antibodies, an Rh-negative primigravida should receive Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM) after delivering an Rh-positive neonate.Direct antiglobulin (direct Coombs’) test is used to detect maternal antibodies attached to red blood cells in the neonate.
19. Unlike false labor, true labor produces regular rhythmic contractions, abdominal discomfort, progressive descent of the fetus, bloody show, and progressive effacement and dilation of the cervix.
20. A multipara is a woman who has had two or more pregnancies that progressed to viability, regardless of whether the offspring were alive at birth.
21. Kegel exercises require contraction and relaxation of the perineal muscles. These exercises help strengthen pelvic muscles and improve urine control in postpartum patients
22. Abnormal for new baby: persistent high-pitched cry.
23. Preterm : before 0-37 weeks.
24. Surfactant is: artificial infarction into the lungs.
25. Test to check maternal level of RH antibodies: indirect comb
26. Alcohol and nicotine passes the placenta: fetal -alcohol syndrome
27. Breastfeeding babies stool: loose frequent and pale yellow.Meconium is a material that collects in the fetus’s intestines and forms the neonate’s first feces, which are black and tarry.
28. Normal jerking reflux of a baby: moro reflex.
29. Hyperemesis gravidrum: excessive vomiting ( means electrolyte imbalance)during pregnancy so IV feeding electrolyte balance
30. Twins who share placenta: mono zygote
31. Dangerous twin pregnancy: over extension of uterus and loss of uterine tone
32. Ectopic pregnancy: outside the uterus
33. Ist sign to report : vaginal bleeding
34. Painless vaginal: placental previa
35. Treatment of PIH: magnesium sulfate
36. Treatment for abruptio placentae is usually immediate cesarean delivery.
37. Major complication of Diabetes early pregnancy: Hyperglycemia
38. If mother gets rubella then baby can get mental retardation.
39. 3+7: nagele's rule"To estimate the date of delivery using Nägele’s rule, the nurse counts backward 3 months from the first day of the last menstrual period and then adds 7 days to this date.
40. At week 9 sex of baby is determined.
41. Amniotomy is artificial rupture of the amniotic membranes.
42. Rubella has a teratogenic effect on the fetus during the first trimester. It produces abnormalities in up to 40% of cases without interrupting the pregnancy.
43. Hydramnios (polyhydramnios) is excessive amniotic fluid (more than 2,000 ml in the third trimester).
44. A low-birth-weight neonate weighs 2,500 g (5 lb 8 oz) or less at birth. A very-low-birth-weight neonate weighs 1,500 g (3 lb 5 oz) or less at birth.
45. Desquamation (skin peeling) is common in postmature neonates.
46. Nitrazine paper is used to test the pH of vaginal discharge to determine the presence of amniotic fluid.
47. Lanugo covers the fetus’s body until about 20 weeks’ gestation. Then it begins to disappear from the face, trunk, arms, and legs, in that order.
48. If a woman receives a spinal block before delivery, the nurse should monitor the patient’s blood pressure closely.
49. The duration of pregnancy averages 280 days, 40 weeks, 9 calendar months, or 10 lunar months.The nurse may suction the neonate’s nose and mouth as needed with a bulb syringe or suction trap.
50. To prevent heat loss, the nurse should place the neonate under a radiant warmer during suctioning and initial delivery-room care, and then wrap the neonate in a warmed blanket for transport to the nursery.
51. Supernumerary nipples are occasionally seen on neonates. They usually appear along a line that runs from each axilla, through the normal nipple area, and to the groin.
52. The presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid during labor indicates possible fetal distress and the need to evaluate the neonate for meconium aspiration
53. Harlequin sign is present when a neonate who is lying on his side appears red on the dependent side and pale on the upper side.
54. Mongolian spots can range from brown to blue. Their color depends on how close melanocytes are to the surface of the skin. They most commonly appear as patches across the sacrum, buttocks, and legs.Mongolian spots are common in non-white infants and usually disappear by age 2 to 3 years.
55. Vernix caseosa is a cheeselike substance that covers and protects the fetus’s skin in utero. It may be rubbed into the neonate’s skin or washed away in one or two baths.
56. Nevus flammeus, or port-wine stain, is a diffuse pink to dark bluish red lesion on a neonate’s face or neck.
57. The Guthrie test (a screening test for phenylketonuria) is most reliable if it’s done between the second and sixth days after birth and is performed after the neonate has ingested protein.
58. Before performing a Leopold maneuver, the nurse should ask the patient to empty her bladder.
59. Pre pregnancy do back to normal : 6 to 8 weeks
60. Primigraiva: women who is pregnant for first time.
    

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